July 2, 2009
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| Walnut twig beetle is smaller than a grain of rice. (Photo by Kathy Keatley Garvey) |
DAVIS—A newly discovered disease caused by a previously undescribed fungus hitchhiking on a tiny native bark beetle, is infecting and killing hundreds of black walnut trees in California and seven other Western states.
The havoc wreaked by the combined pests, coined “Thousand Cankers Disease,” represents a serious threat to black walnut trees, says chemical ecologist and forest entomologist Steve Seybold of the Davis-based Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, and an affiliate of the Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis.
“The black walnut trees could go the way of the American chestnut or American elm,” warns entomologist Lynn Kimsey, chair of the UC Davis Department of Entomology and director of the Bohart Museum of Entomology, which houses one of the largest insect collections in North America.
“By itself the very tiny walnut twig beetle, does relatively little damage,” Seybold said. But combined with the aggressive fungus, it can kill a walnut tree in one to three years. Despite the “twig” in its common name, the walnut twig beetle also bores holes in large branches and even in the trunk of walnut trees.
The beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis, native to Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Mexico is widely distributed in California, from San Diego to Shasta counties. Known since 1959 as just another specimen in the drawers of California insect museums, it has emerged on the radar screens of entomologists and plant scientists because it has been found in abundance on dying walnut trees statewide. The disease has also been found in Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Idaho, Utah, Washington, and Oregon.
“It’s a hard time for hardwoods,” said Seybold, who organized and chaired a symposium at the Entomological Society of America’s 65th annual meeting, held last fall in Reno. “This is behaving like an invasive pathogen that has run amuck.”
Scientists are concerned that the disease may also impact English walnut and California walnut production. “There are hints that the fungus may have infected English walnuts in Utah,” Seybold said, “and there are several symptomatic English walnut trees at the USDA National Germplasm collection located in nearby Winters but beyond that we do not know the extent of the threat to the industry.”
The fungus, with its barrel-shaped spores, appears to be an undescribed and perhaps exotic species within the genus Geosmithia, said postdoctoral researcher Andrew Graves of the UC Davis Department of Plant Pathology. Graves, part of a Davis-based team working on the project since June 2008, has noted that there are seven named species of Geosmithia.
Colorado State University plant pathologist Ned Tisserat, who placed the fungus in the genus, Geosmithia and named the disease, “Thousand Cankers,” told the ESA symposium: “It is really, really a scary disease; it’s as bad as butternut (walnut) canker.” Butternut (Juglans cinerea) is also known as white walnut.
Graves, who also holds a doctorate in entomology from the University of Minnesota, described the beetle as reddish-brown bark beetle, about 1.5 to 1.9 millimeters long. “It’s much smaller in size than a grain of rice,” he said. The entrance holes into the black walnut tree look like pin pricks.
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| Walnut twig beetle. (Scanning electron micrograph by Andrew Graves.) Click to enlarge. |
“But if you peel back the bark, you’ll see the well-developed beetle galleries and blotches of fungal-stained wood and bark that look like a thousand cankers,” said Graves, who is researching the host colonization behavior of the beetle. He described some of the coalescing cankers as “enormous.” The cankers widen and girdle twigs and branches, resulting in die back of the tree crown.
Disease symptoms include dark stains on the outer bark tissue that extend into the cambium; yellowing and thinning of the upper crown; wilting of leaves; flagging branches; die back and eventual death, all within three years. Seybold said that the disease is so recently discovered that specialists have not had time to develop and test integrated pest management tools to address the issue. The natural system of attraction of the beetles to the trees and to each other might form the basis of a future monitoring and tree protection toolkit.
“The impact of these beetles and their fungus,” Kimsey said, “may be devastating to yet another of our native trees. When I think of the possibility of losing all of the magnificent black walnuts in Davis, it makes me very sad.”
The disease complex first gained notice in the Española Valley of New Mexico in 2001 when walnut trees declined and died. Scientists initially attributed the mortality to drought stress. However, when the drought subsided, the massive dieoffs did not.
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| Dying walnut trees, due to "Thousand Cankers Disease. Locaton: Cassel Road, Davis. Click to enlarge. (Photo by Steve Seybold) |
The beetle-disease complex is associated with widespread deaths of black walnuts planted as street or highway trees in Boulder, Co., Portland, Ore., Prosser, Wash., and several counties in California, including Los Angeles, Sutter, Ventura, and Yolo. It was first noted by scientists in California in 2008.
UC Davis walnut specialist Charles Leslie, a member of the Davis-based thousand cankers disease research team, says two species of black walnut are native to California: Juglans californica (a southern California shrublike black walnut) and Juglans hindsii (the northern California black walnut).
Northern California black walnut is widely planted in Yolo County as an ornamental tree, lining roads and ranches, Leslie said. “These black walnuts are different from the commercial walnuts grown in the Central Valley, which are Persian, commonly called “English” walnut trees grown on black walnut root stock.”
California black walnut “is prized more as a shade tree than for its nuts,” Leslie said. “To crack the nut, you need to run over it with the family Hummer or hit it with a sledgehammer,” he quipped.
However, eastern black walnut is a favorite in the ice cream industry, and the wood is especially prized for furniture and guitars.
To confirm the extent of the disease in the state, the Davis researchers are participating in a federally funded project to collect diseased branches throughout California, particularly in the native ranges of Juglans californica (Los Angeles and Ventura counties) and Juglans hindsii (Mt. Diablo and elsewhere in Contra Costa and Yolo counties. They are also rearing the beetles and studying host colonization behavior. “The beetle appears to pump out at least two generations a year in California,” Graves said.
Colorado State University plant sciences professor Whitney Cranshaw, who is on the front lines of the research in Boulder and Denver, said people continually ask him “How can a little twig beetle be killing healthy trees?”
“With Geosmithia,” he said. “The fungus is carried into the tree when the beetle tunnels into and wounds the tree. The fungus produces large cankers.”
The aggressive fungus girdles the tree and “it’s death by 1000 cankers,” Cranshaw said.
The attacks generally occur from mid-April through mid-September. At the end of summer, the beetles and the fungus that they carry move into the lower part of the trunk to hibernate.
In their continuing research, scientists hope to establish a baseline of the beetle and fungal populations to understand the full extent of the problem. Native black walnut trees in the western U.S. are important components of the vegetation along streams and riparian zones, Seybold said, so their “loss may have significant ecological implications.”
The scientists also advocate research on vector transmission, overwintering biology, an estimation of the risk and threat to the walnut-growing industry in California and to commercially valuable native black walnut trees in the eastern U.S., development of attractive baits, and an insecticide treatment.
Insecticides may prove useful, but only if used prior to the beetle arriving at the tree, Graves said. “Insecticide sprays are of limited effectiveness due to the extended period when the beetles are active, and because the beetles are feeding beneath the bark, insecticides will not be useful in killing beetles that have already entered the tree. Even if the insecticide kills the adult beetles and larvae, the Geosmithia may continue to colonize the bark and phloem.”
The scientists also discussed their research this past spring at meetings in Savannah, Georgia (National Forest Health Monitoring Workshop) Spokane, Wash. (Western Forest Insect Work Conference); and San Diego (Pacific Branch ESA Meeting).
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| Walnut canopy, The Avenue of Trees, on Russell Boulevard, East Davis. Click to enlarge. |
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| Dying walnut trees in northwest Davis. Click to enlarge. (Photo by Steve Seybold) |
New Walnut Disease Taking its Toll in the Davis Urban Forest
By Steven J. Seybold and Charles A. Leslie
(Editor’s Note: Seybold is a chemical ecologist and forest entomologist at the Davis-based Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, and an affiliate of the UC Davis Department of Entomology. Leslie is a staff research associate for the Walnut Improvement Program, UC Davis Department of Plant Sciences.)
DAVIS—Many of the majestic northern California black walnut trees that line streets and county roads in the Davis area are dead or dying.
Healthy black walnut trees used to be everywhere. They still provide a green canopy along west Russell Boulevard. In East Davis, they mark the promenade to the old Isaac Chiles ranch property (Mace Ranch), which is now the approach to the Dave Pelz Bike Overcrossing between Second and Fifth streets. An 1800s era historical photo in the Hattie Webber Museum in Davis depicts clearly the two rows of walnut trees leading south from the old ranch house, which is now home to the Explorit Center.
A beautiful specimen of black walnut shades diners in the courtyard of Sophia’s Thai Bar and Kitchen in downtown Davis; another guards the approach to downtown Davis at First and E Streets.
These trees, native to riparian areas of northern California, also border many of the rural roads around Yolo County, notably Pedrick Road--which joins Dixon to Woodland--and many roads north of Woodland.
The northern California black walnut is a common nut-producing tree along Putah and Cache creeks, and elsewhere in the lower Sacramento River Valley. It even occurs in the steep canyons that punctuate the slopes of Mt. Diablo. These ecologically significant trees produce valuable food for wildlife, and many local residents remember, fondly or not, collecting the nuts for home use or pocket money.
All that may change.
Today many of these walnut trees, an important component of the urban forest of Davis and its environs, appear to be dying from thousand cankers disease, spread by the tiny walnut twig beetle.
The City of Davis landmark Avenue of the Trees, a two-mile section of Russell Boulevard west of Highway 113, could be threatened by this disease. Back in 1874, 18 residents west of Davisville, petitioned the Yolo County Board of Supervisors to create a road between Davis and Winters. Hugh LaRue, a former Speaker of the State Assembly, UC Regent, and founder of the UC-Davis Ag Experiment Station, and his family members planted more than 500 of the original northern California black walnuts along this road around 1876. Because it was founded with the support of a California statute, the vision of this beautifully shaded road was meant to be emblematic for the State, but for local residents it meant an important way of keeping the Central Valley dust in check.
At the time, the LaRues owned and operated Arlington Farm, encompassing most of what today is west Davis, west of Highway 113. Their original farmhouse, tucked along the Avenue of Trees, still exists at 2727 Russell Blvd. Area residents battled to save the Avenue of Trees when the city sought their removal in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
They won.
Now the trees, already weakened by mistletoe, are under attack by the walnut twig beetle and are showing evidence of thousand cankers disease.
Black walnut trees have also been dying along Pedrick Road between Russell Blvd. and the Pedrick Produce stand, and deteriorating along Mace Blvd. in northeast Davis and along Eighth Street, near Poleline Road. In early June 2008, we collected recently infected branches from walnut trees that were declining in front of newly constructed homes on Cassel Road in northwest Davis. Although construction activity likely catalyzed the demise of these trees, our colleagues at Colorado State University also found evidence of thousand cankers disease in them, the same beetle-fungus complex that is appearing rapidly throughout the western U.S.
In nearby Winters, native black walnut trees are dying along Putah Creek. Many other species of walnuts are showing disease symptoms in the USDA ARS National Clonal Germplasm Collection, located on the historic Wolfskill Farms property in Winters.
We have to ask ourselves: What would Davis and its surrounding communities and rural highways look like without their landmark walnut trees? Potentially more troubling to the economy of the state are the questions: What is the risk to the commercial walnut industry and will this disease also infect the English walnut trees, Juglans regia, which are the backbone of the industry?
In 2006, walnut growers in the U.S., primarily California, produced 346,000 tons of nuts on 243,000 acres with a farm gate value of $564 million. The U.S. is the world's largest exporter of walnuts with exports of in-shell and shelled walnuts exceeding $310 million.
Since the beetle appears to prefer to overwinter at the base tree trunks, it could infest the black walnut rootstock commonly used in commercial orchards. Although early hopeful indications are that English walnut trees are less likely to be infected than native black walnuts, scientists have identified the walnut twig beetle and cankers caused by Geosmithia from branches and stems of English walnut in both Utah and California. This means that the insect-pathogen complex may even impact the above-ground portion of the trees that produce California’s multi-million dollar commercial walnut crop.
The threat to the industry and the changes to our urban and rural landscapes from this recently recognized disease deserve our attention now and in the years to come. |
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--Kathy Keatley Garvey
Communications specialist
UC Davis Department of Entomology
(530) 754-6894
